Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, can develop in various parts of the mouth, including the lips, tongue, cheeks, gums, and the roof or floor of the mouth. According to the American Cancer Society, early detection of oral cancer significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. Unfortunately, the initial signs are often subtle and easy to overlook, making awareness crucial for early intervention.
This article highlights key early symptoms of oral cancer, based on information from trusted medical sources, to help you recognize when it may be time to consult a healthcare provider.
1. Persistent Sores That Don’t Heal
A mouth sore that does not heal within two weeks is one of the most common early signs of oral cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, these sores may occur on the lips, gums, or inner lining of the mouth. Initially, they might not cause pain, but they should not be ignored, especially if they persist without clear cause.
What to do: Any sore that lasts longer than two weeks without signs of healing should be evaluated by a dentist or doctor.

2. White or Red Patches Inside the Mouth
Color changes in the mouth’s soft tissues can be an indicator of abnormal cell growth. These include:
Leukoplakia: White patches that cannot be wiped away. According to Mayo Clinic, these may develop from chronic irritation and sometimes lead to cancer.
Erythroplakia: Red, velvety patches that may be more concerning. These areas are often more likely than leukoplakia to contain precancerous or cancerous cells.
Mixed lesions: Some areas may present as a combination of red and white patches.
What to do: If you notice discolored areas in your mouth, especially if they persist or spread, schedule a professional evaluation.

3. Unexplained Bleeding in the Mouth
Bleeding that is not caused by injury or brushing may signal something more serious. While occasional bleeding from gums can occur due to poor oral hygiene or gum disease, persistent or unexplained bleeding should be checked.
What to do: If the bleeding is recurrent and not linked to brushing or trauma, talk to your dentist or doctor for further evaluation.
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4. Lumps, Thickened Areas, or Rough Patches
According to the CDC, the presence of a lump or thickening in any part of the mouth, tongue, or throat should be taken seriously. These may be painless at first but can grow over time. Uneven or rough areas on the gums, cheeks, or under the tongue can also be a sign of abnormal tissue development.
What to do: Any new growth, bump, or change in the texture of your mouth should be examined by a dental or medical professional.
5. Numbness or Pain in the Mouth or Lips
Persistent numbness, tingling, or pain—especially if it occurs without obvious cause—may indicate changes in nerve function due to a growing lesion. The American Dental Association notes that sensory changes in the lips, tongue, or chin area should not be ignored, especially if they continue over time.
What to do: If you notice any loss of sensation or ongoing discomfort in your mouth or face, seek medical guidance.
Numbness of the Tongue, Lips, or Mouth: Causes and What You Should Do! – Dentsuadiye
6. Difficulty Chewing or Swallowing
Discomfort while eating or a feeling of something stuck in the throat may indicate a lesion affecting the throat or esophagus. Difficulty moving the jaw or tongue can also signal an underlying issue. According to the World Health Organization, early-stage head and neck cancers—including oral cancer—can present with swallowing or speaking difficulties.

What to do: If swallowing, chewing, or moving the jaw becomes uncomfortable or painful, consult a healthcare provider for evaluation.